regmedjournalРегенерация органов и тканейРегенерация органов и тканей2949-5938Общество регенеративной медицины10.60043/2949-5938-2026-2-22-44regmedjournal-151Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ И КОММЕНТАРИИREVIEWS AND COMMENTSIn situ биопечать в реконструкции костных дефектов: современное состояние и перспективы применения в травматологии и ортопедииIn situ bioprinting for bone defect reconstruction: Current state and future prospects in traumatology and orthopaedicsЛевинА. А.LevinA. A.

Александр Александрович Левин — к.т.н., ведущий инженер научно-образовательной лаборатории тканевой инженерии и регенеративной медицины

119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-кт, 4, стр. 1

Aleksandr A. Levin — Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Leading Engineer of the Research and Educational Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

119049, Moscow, Leninskiy ave., 4, bld. 1

ПетровС. В.PetrovS. V.

Станислав Владимирович Петров — заместитель директора института биомедицинской инженерии

119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-кт, 4, стр. 1

Stanislav V. Petrov — Deputy Director of the Institute of Biomedical Engineering

119049, Moscow, Leninskiy ave., 4, bld. 1

ЛуговойМ. Е.LugovoiM. E.

Максим Евгеньевич Луговой — инженер научного проекта научно-образовательной лаборатории тканевой инженерии и регенеративной медицины

119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-кт, 4, стр. 1

Maksim E. Lugovoi — Engineer of the Research Project of the Research and Educational Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

119049, Moscow, Leninskiy ave., 4, bld. 1

ЗахароваВ. А.ZakharovaV. A.

Василина Александровна Захарова — к.х.н., инженер научного проекта научно-образовательной лаборатории тканевой инженерии и регенеративной медицины

119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-кт, 4, стр. 1

Vasilina A. Zakharova — Cand. Sci. (Chemistry), Engineer of the Research Project of the Research and Educational Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

119049, Moscow, Leninskiy ave., 4, bld. 1

СенатовФ. С.SenatovF. S.

Федор Святославович Сенатов — д.ф.-м.н., директор института биомедицинской инженерии

119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-кт, 4, стр. 1

Fedor S. Senatov — Dr. Sci. (Phys. and Math.), Director of the Institute of Biomedical Engineering

119049, Moscow, Leninskiy ave., 4, bld. 1

МироновВ. А.MironovV. A.

Владимир Александрович Миронов — к.м.н., ведущий эксперт научного проекта научно-образовательной лаборатории тканевой инженерии и регенеративной медицины 

119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-кт, 4, стр. 1

127299, Москва, ул. Приорова, 10

Vladimir A. Mironov — Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Lead Expert of the Research Project of the Research and Educational Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

119049, Moscow, Leninskiy ave., 4, bld. 1

127299, Moscow, Priorova str., 10

ХесуаниЮ. Д.KhesuaniYu. D.

Юсеф Джоржевич Хесуани — к.м.н., генеральный директор

Пресненская наб., 6, стр. 2, помещ. 46/36

Yusef D. Khesuani — Cand. Sci. (Medicine), General Director

123112, Moscow, Presnenskaya Embankment, 6, bld. 2, office 46/36

МокиенкоО. А.MokienkoO. A.

Олеся Александровна Мокиенко — к.м.н., доцент института биомедицинской инженерии

119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-кт, 4, стр. 1

Olesya A. Mokienko — Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering

119049, Moscow, Leninskiy ave., 4, bld. 1

КовалевА. В.KovalevA. V.

Алексей Вячеславович Ковалев — к.м.н., заведующий лабораторией клеточных технологий и медицинской генетики

127299, Москва, ул. Приорова, 10

Alexey V. Kovalev — Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Head of the Laboratory of Cell Technologies and Medical Genetics

127299, Moscow, Priorova str., 10

КуданЕ. В.KoudanE. V.

Елизавета Валерьевна Кудан — д.б.н., заведующий научно-образовательной лабораторией тканевой инженерии и регенеративной медицины

119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-кт, 4, стр. 1

Elizaveta V. Koudan — Dr. Sci. (Biology), Head of the Research and Educational Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

119049, Moscow, Leninskiy ave., 4, bld. 1

koudan1568@yandex.ruФГАОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский технологический университет «МИСИС»РоссияNational Research Technological University MISISRussian FederationФГАОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский технологический университет «МИСИС»; ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии имени Н.Н. Приорова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияNational Research Technological University MISIS; National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics named after N.N. PriorovRussian FederationЧастное учреждение «3Д Биопринтинг Солюшенс»Россия3D Bioprinting SolutionsRussian FederationФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии имени Н.Н. Приорова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияNational Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics named after N.N. PriorovRussian Federation202609102026422244Copyright © Левин А.А., Петров С.В., Луговой М.Е., Захарова В.А., Сенатов Ф.С., Миронов В.А., Хесуани Ю.Д., Мокиенко О.А., Ковалев А.В., Кудан Е.В., 20262026Левин А.А., Петров С.В., Луговой М.Е., Захарова В.А., Сенатов Ф.С., Миронов В.А., Хесуани Ю.Д., Мокиенко О.А., Ковалев А.В., Кудан Е.В.Levin A.A., Petrov S.V., Lugovoi M.E., Zakharova V.A., Senatov F.S., Mironov V.A., Khesuani Y.D., Mokienko O.A., Kovalev A.V., Koudan E.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.regmed-journal.ru/jour/article/view/151

Биопечать является одной из наиболее динамично развивающихся технологий в регенеративной медицине, объединяющей клеточную биологию, инженерию, химию и материаловедение для создания жизнеспособных тканевых конструктов, в том числе непосредственно в зоне повреждения, т.е. интраоперационно или in situ. Значительный интерес представляет биопечать для регенерации костных дефектов, учитывая высокую распространенность травматических повреждений и ограниченную эффективность стандартных методов ауто- и аллотрансплантации. Целью настоящего обзора является анализ современного состояния in situ биопечати в реконструкции костных дефектов, характеризация существующих технических решений и биочернил, а также выявление ключевых препятствий для клинической трансляции с оценкой возможных путей их преодоления. В обзоре рассмотрены фундаментальные принципы интраоперационного нанесения биочернил в раневое ложе, приведены новые данные о способах и устройствах биопечати при замещении костных дефектов, представлены примеры успешного применения технологии в эксперименте. Выделены тренды совершенствования и точки взаимодействия биопечати с ортопедическими методами лечения, определены перспективы применения in situ биопечати в травматологии и ортопедии, основанные на разработке роботизированных систем для работы в операционном поле, совершенствовании органных строительных блоков, их трансплантации с учетом стадий и особенностей травмы. Показано, что in situ биопечать не является альтернативой классическим ортопедическим методикам, а органично интегрируется в них в качестве усиливающего регенеративного компонента, что позволяет повысить эффективность замещения обширных дефектов за счет стимуляции собственного остеогенного потенциала пациента.

Bioprinting is one of the most rapidly evolving technologies in regenerative medicine, integrating cell biology, engineering, chemistry and materials science to create viable tissue constructs, including directly at the site of injury, i.e. intraoperatively or in situ. Of particular interest is bioprinting for bone defect regeneration, given the high prevalence of traumatic injuries and the limited effectiveness of standard autograft and allograft transplantation methods. The aim of this review is to analyze the current state of in situ bioprinting in bone defect reconstruction, characterize existing technical solutions and bioinks, and identify the key barriers to clinical translation while assessing possible strategies to overcome them. The review examines the fundamental principles of intraoperative delivery of bioinks into the wound bed, presents new data on methods and devices for bioprinting in bone defect repair, and provides examples of successful application of the technology in experimental settings. Current trends in technological advancement and points of convergence between bioprinting and orthopedic treatment modalities are highlighted. The prospects for in situ bioprinting in traumatology and orthopedics are outlined, based on the development of robotic systems for use in the operative field, the improvement of organ-building blocks, and their transplantation with consideration of the stages and specific features of the injury. It is shown that in situ bioprinting is not an alternative to classical orthopedic techniques but is seamlessly integrated into them as a regenerative-enhancing component, thereby improving the efficacy of large defect repair through stimulation of the patient’s own osteogenic potential.

биопринтербиочернилаin situ биопечатьрегенерация костиорганные строительные блокиклиническая трансляцияbioprinterbioinkin situ Bioprinting of bonebone regenerationorgan building blocksclinical translationисследование выполнено в рамках Государственного задания вузам на тему «Разработка новых медицинских роботизированных комплексов с элементами искусственного интеллекта, объединяющих аддитивные и субтрактивные технологии для лечения пациентов с повреждениями различной этиологии», шифр FSME-2025-0005.the study was carried out within the framework of the State Assignment for Higher Education Institutions on the topic “Development of novel medical robotic systems integrating additive and subtractive technologies with artificial intelligence elements for the treatment of patients with injuries of various etiologies”, project No. FSME-2025-0005.ReferencesWang M, He J, Liu Y, Li M, Li D, Jin Z. The trend towards in vivo bioprinting. International Journal of Bioprinting. 2015;1(1):15–26. DOI: 10.18063/IJB.2015.01.001Wang M, He J, Liu Y, Li M, Li D, Jin Z. The trend towards in vivo bioprinting. International Journal of Bioprinting. 2015;1(1):15–26. DOI: 10.18063/IJB.2015.01.001Li L, Shi J, Ma K, Jin J, Wang P, Liang H, et al. Robotic in situ 3D bio-printing technology for repairing large segmental bone defects. J Adv Res. 2020;30:75–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.11.011Li L, Shi J, Ma K, Jin J, Wang P, Liang H, et al. Robotic in situ 3D bio-printing technology for repairing large segmental bone defects. J Adv Res. 2020;30:75–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.11.011Keriquel V, Guillemot F, Arnault I, Guillotin B, Miraux S, Amédée J, et al. In vivo bioprinting for computer- and robotic-assisted medical intervention: preliminary study in mice. Biofabrication. 2010;2(1):014101. DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/2/1/014101Keriquel V, Guillemot F, Arnault I, Guillotin B, Miraux S, Amédée J, et al. In vivo bioprinting for computer- and robotic-assisted medical intervention: preliminary study in mice. Biofabrication. 2010;2(1):014101. DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/2/1/014101Keriquel V, Oliveira H, Rémy M, Ziane S, Delmond S, Rousseau B, et al. In situ printing of mesenchymal stromal cells, by laser-assisted bioprinting, for in vivo bone regeneration applications. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1778. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01914-xKeriquel V, Oliveira H, Rémy M, Ziane S, Delmond S, Rousseau B, et al. In situ printing of mesenchymal stromal cells, by laser-assisted bioprinting, for in vivo bone regeneration applications. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1778. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01914-xCohen DL, Lipton JI, Bonassar LJ, Lipson H. Additive manufacturing for in situ repair of osteochondral defects. Biofabrication. 2010;2(3):035004. DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/2/3/035004Cohen DL, Lipton JI, Bonassar LJ, Lipson H. Additive manufacturing for in situ repair of osteochondral defects. Biofabrication. 2010;2(3):035004. DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/2/3/035004O’Connell CD, Di Bella C, Thompson F, Augustine C, Beirne S, Cornock R, et al. Development of the Biopen: a handheld device for surgical printing of adipose stem cells at a chondral wound site. Biofabrication. 2016;8(1):015019. DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/1/015019O’Connell CD, Di Bella C, Thompson F, Augustine C, Beirne S, Cornock R, et al. Development of the Biopen: a handheld device for surgical printing of adipose stem cells at a chondral wound site. Biofabrication. 2016;8(1):015019. DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/1/015019Di Bella C, Duchi S, O’Connell CD, Blanchard R, Augustine C, Yue Z, et al. In situ handheld three-dimensional bioprinting for cartilage regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2018;12(3):611–621. DOI: 10.1002/term.2476Di Bella C, Duchi S, O’Connell CD, Blanchard R, Augustine C, Yue Z, et al. In situ handheld three-dimensional bioprinting for cartilage regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2018;12(3):611–621. DOI: 10.1002/term.2476Mostafavi A, Abdullah T, Russell CS, Mostafavi E, Williams TJ, Salah N, et al. In situ printing of scaffolds for reconstruction of bone defects. Acta Biomater. 2021;127:313–326. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.009Mostafavi A, Abdullah T, Russell CS, Mostafavi E, Williams TJ, Salah N, et al. In situ printing of scaffolds for reconstruction of bone defects. Acta Biomater. 2021;127:313–326. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.009Jeon IJ, Jeon YM, Choi JH, Lee S, Kim M, Kim JH, et al. In situ printing of biodegradable implant for healing critical-sized bone defect. Device. 2025;3(11):100873. DOI: 10.1016/j.device.2025.100873Jeon IJ, Jeon YM, Choi JH, Lee S, Kim M, Kim JH, et al. In situ printing of biodegradable implant for healing critical-sized bone defect. Device. 2025;3(11):100873. DOI: 10.1016/j.device.2025.100873Singh S, Choudhury D, Yu F, Mironov V, Naing MW. In situ bioprinting - Bioprinting from benchside to bedside? Acta Biomater. 2020;101:14–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.08.045Singh S, Choudhury D, Yu F, Mironov V, Naing MW. In situ bioprinting - Bioprinting from benchside to bedside? Acta Biomater. 2020;101:14–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.08.045Mahmoudi Z, Sedighi M, Jafari A, Naghieh S, Stefanek E, Akbari M, et al. In situ 3D bioprinting: A promising technique in advanced biofabrication strategies. Bioprinting. 2023;31:e00260. DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2023.e00260Mahmoudi Z, Sedighi M, Jafari A, Naghieh S, Stefanek E, Akbari M, et al. In situ 3D bioprinting: A promising technique in advanced biofabrication strategies. Bioprinting. 2023;31:e00260. DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2023.e00260Park YL, Park K, Cha JM. 3D-Bioprinting Strategies Based on In situ Bone-Healing Mechanism for Vascularized Bone Tissue Engineering. Micromachines (Basel). 2021;12(3):287. DOI: 10.3390/mi12030287Park YL, Park K, Cha JM. 3D-Bioprinting Strategies Based on In situ Bone-Healing Mechanism for Vascularized Bone Tissue Engineering. Micromachines (Basel). 2021;12(3):287. DOI: 10.3390/mi12030287Ma K, Zhao T, Yang L, Wang P, Jin J, Teng H, et al. Application of robotic-assisted in situ 3D printing in cartilage regeneration with HAMA hydrogel: An in vivo study. J Adv Res. 2020;23:123–132. DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.01.010Ma K, Zhao T, Yang L, Wang P, Jin J, Teng H, et al. Application of robotic-assisted in situ 3D printing in cartilage regeneration with HAMA hydrogel: An in vivo study. J Adv Res. 2020;23:123–132. DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.01.010Zhao W, Xu T. Preliminary engineering for in situ in vivo bioprinting: a novel micro bioprinting platform for in situ in vivo bioprinting at a gastric wound site. Biofabrication. 2020;12(4):045020. DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aba4ffZhao W, Xu T. Preliminary engineering for in situ in vivo bioprinting: a novel micro bioprinting platform for in situ in vivo bioprinting at a gastric wound site. Biofabrication. 2020;12(4):045020. DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aba4ffZhou C, Yang Y, Wang J, Wu Q, Gu Z, Zhou Y, et al. Ferromagnetic soft catheter robots for minimally invasive bioprinting. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):5072. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25386-wZhou C, Yang Y, Wang J, Wu Q, Gu Z, Zhou Y, et al. Ferromagnetic soft catheter robots for minimally invasive bioprinting. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):5072. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25386-wFortunato GM, Rossi G, Bonatti AF, De Acutis A, Mendoza-Buenrostro C, Vozzi G, et al. Robotic platform and path planning algorithm for in situ bioprinting. Bioprinting. 2021;22:e00139. DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2021.e00139Fortunato GM, Rossi G, Bonatti AF, De Acutis A, Mendoza-Buenrostro C, Vozzi G, et al. Robotic platform and path planning algorithm for in situ bioprinting. Bioprinting. 2021;22:e00139. DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2021.e00139Zhu Z, Guo SZ, Hirdler T, Eide C, Fan X, Tolar J, et al. 3D Printed Functional and Biological Materials on Moving Freeform Surfaces. Adv Mater. 2018;30(23):e1707495. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707495Zhu Z, Guo SZ, Hirdler T, Eide C, Fan X, Tolar J, et al. 3D Printed Functional and Biological Materials on Moving Freeform Surfaces. Adv Mater. 2018;30(23):e1707495. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707495Zhu Z, Park HS, McAlpine MC. 3D printed deformable sensors. Sci Adv. 2020;6(25):eaba5575. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba5575Zhu Z, Park HS, McAlpine MC. 3D printed deformable sensors. Sci Adv. 2020;6(25):eaba5575. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba5575Wu P-K, Tsai W-C, Wang H-W, Lin C-L. Establishment of design guidelines for patientspecific 3D-printed reconstruction implants for large distal femoral defects. Materials & Design. 2025;251:113668. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113668Wu P-K, Tsai W-C, Wang H-W, Lin C-L. Establishment of design guidelines for patientspecific 3D-printed reconstruction implants for large distal femoral defects. Materials & Design. 2025;251:113668. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113668Cengiz IF, Oliveira JM, Reis RL. Micro-CT — a digital 3D microstructural voyage into scaffolds: a systematic review of the reported methods and results. Biomater Res. 2018;22:26. DOI: 10.1186/s40824-018-0136-8Cengiz IF, Oliveira JM, Reis RL. Micro-CT — a digital 3D microstructural voyage into scaffolds: a systematic review of the reported methods and results. Biomater Res. 2018;22:26. DOI: 10.1186/s40824-018-0136-8Piyadeva KBU, Karunaratne A, Wickramarchchi UP, Wanigasooriya S, Gnanasekaram R, Miyanawala TP. Developing Computational Models to Design 3D Printed Scaffolds Using CT Imaging to Reconstruct Actual Bone Defects. RRJ Mater Sci. 2023;11:004. DOI: 10.4172/2321-6212.11.4.003Piyadeva KBU, Karunaratne A, Wickramarchchi UP, Wanigasooriya S, Gnanasekaram R, Miyanawala TP. Developing Computational Models to Design 3D Printed Scaffolds Using CT Imaging to Reconstruct Actual Bone Defects. RRJ Mater Sci. 2023;11:004. DOI: 10.4172/2321-6212.11.4.003Li L, Yu F, Shi J, Shen S, Teng H, Yang J, et al. In situ repair of bone and cartilage defects using 3D scanning and 3D printing. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):9416. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10060-3Li L, Yu F, Shi J, Shen S, Teng H, Yang J, et al. In situ repair of bone and cartilage defects using 3D scanning and 3D printing. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):9416. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10060-3Shen M, Wang L, Gao Y, Feng L, Xu C, Li S, et al. 3D bioprinting of in situ vascularized tissue engineered bone for repairing large segmental bone defects. Mater Today Bio. 2022;16:100382. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100382Shen M, Wang L, Gao Y, Feng L, Xu C, Li S, et al. 3D bioprinting of in situ vascularized tissue engineered bone for repairing large segmental bone defects. Mater Today Bio. 2022;16:100382. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100382Hindi OA, Pinarbasi B, Bakici M, Demirtas OB, Gokyer S, Buyuksungur A, et al. In situ Bioprinting Enhances Bone Regeneration in a Live Animal Model with Craniofacial Defect. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2025;11(8):5027–5037. DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00780Hindi OA, Pinarbasi B, Bakici M, Demirtas OB, Gokyer S, Buyuksungur A, et al. In situ Bioprinting Enhances Bone Regeneration in a Live Animal Model with Craniofacial Defect. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2025;11(8):5027–5037. DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00780Schmidt AH. Autologous bone graft: Is it still the gold standard? Injury. 2021;52 Suppl 2:S18–S22. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.01.043Schmidt AH. Autologous bone graft: Is it still the gold standard? Injury. 2021;52 Suppl 2:S18–S22. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.01.043Sakdejayont S, Chobpenthai T, Suksirivecharuk P, Ninatkiattikul IF, Poosiripinyo T. A Review on Bone Tumor Management: Cutting-Edge Strategies in Bone Grafting, Bone Graft Substitute, and Growth Factors for Defect Reconstruction. Orthop Res Rev. 2025;17:175-188. DOI: 10.2147/ORR.S521832Sakdejayont S, Chobpenthai T, Suksirivecharuk P, Ninatkiattikul IF, Poosiripinyo T. A Review on Bone Tumor Management: Cutting-Edge Strategies in Bone Grafting, Bone Graft Substitute, and Growth Factors for Defect Reconstruction. Orthop Res Rev. 2025;17:175-188. DOI: 10.2147/ORR.S521832Soucacos PN, Kokkalis ZT, Piagkou M, Johnson EO. Vascularized bone grafts for the management of skeletal defects in orthopaedic trauma and reconstructive surgery. Injury. 2013;44 Suppl 1:S70–875. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-1383(13)70016-0Soucacos PN, Kokkalis ZT, Piagkou M, Johnson EO. Vascularized bone grafts for the management of skeletal defects in orthopaedic trauma and reconstructive surgery. Injury. 2013;44 Suppl 1:S70–875. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-1383(13)70016-0Careri S, Vitiello R, Oliva MS, Ziranu A, Maccauro G, Perisano C. Masquelet technique and osteomyelitis: innovations and literature review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019;23(2 Suppl):210–216. DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201904_17495Careri S, Vitiello R, Oliva MS, Ziranu A, Maccauro G, Perisano C. Masquelet technique and osteomyelitis: innovations and literature review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019;23(2 Suppl):210–216. DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201904_17495Baldwin P, Li DJ, Auston DA, Mir HS, Yoon RS, Koval KJ. Autograft, Allograft, and Bone Graft Substitutes: Clinical Evidence and Indications for Use in the Setting of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery. J Orthop Trauma. 2019;33(4):203–213. DOI: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000001420Baldwin P, Li DJ, Auston DA, Mir HS, Yoon RS, Koval KJ. Autograft, Allograft, and Bone Graft Substitutes: Clinical Evidence and Indications for Use in the Setting of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery. J Orthop Trauma. 2019;33(4):203–213. DOI: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000001420Wang W, Yeung KWK. Bone grafts and biomaterials substitutes for bone defect repair: A review. Bioact Mater. 2017;2(4):224–247. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.05.007Wang W, Yeung KWK. Bone grafts and biomaterials substitutes for bone defect repair: A review. Bioact Mater. 2017;2(4):224–247. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.05.007Movaniya P, Chhatbar R, Bhatt S, Sing NJ, Arya A, Parmar H. Comparison of Osteoinductive Potential of Autografts vs. Allografts in Mandibular Defect Models. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2025;17(Suppl 2):S1399–S1401. DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1924_24Movaniya P, Chhatbar R, Bhatt S, Sing NJ, Arya A, Parmar H. Comparison of Osteoinductive Potential of Autografts vs. Allografts in Mandibular Defect Models. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2025;17(Suppl 2):S1399–S1401. DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1924_24Zhang Y, Shu T, Wang S, Liu Z, Cheng Y, Li A, et al. The Osteoinductivity of Calcium Phosphate-Based Biomaterials: A Tight Interaction With Bone Healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:911180. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.911180Zhang Y, Shu T, Wang S, Liu Z, Cheng Y, Li A, et al. The Osteoinductivity of Calcium Phosphate-Based Biomaterials: A Tight Interaction With Bone Healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:911180. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.911180Movahed R, Pinto LP, Morales-Ryan C, Allen WR, Wolford LM. Application of cranial bone grafts for reconstruction of maxillofacial deformities. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2013;26(3):252–255. DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2013.11928973Movahed R, Pinto LP, Morales-Ryan C, Allen WR, Wolford LM. Application of cranial bone grafts for reconstruction of maxillofacial deformities. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2013;26(3):252–255. DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2013.11928973Samandari M, Mostafavi A, Quint J, Memić A, Tamayol A. In situ bioprinting: intraoperative implementation of regenerative medicine. Trends Biotechnol. 2022;40(10):1229–1247. DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.03.009Samandari M, Mostafavi A, Quint J, Memić A, Tamayol A. In situ bioprinting: intraoperative implementation of regenerative medicine. Trends Biotechnol. 2022;40(10):1229–1247. DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.03.009Ashammakhi N, Ahadian S, Xu C, Montazerian H, Ko H, Nasiri R, et al. Bioinks and bioprinting technologies to make heterogeneous and biomimetic tissue constructs. Mater Today Bio. 2019;1:100008. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2019.100008Ashammakhi N, Ahadian S, Xu C, Montazerian H, Ko H, Nasiri R, et al. Bioinks and bioprinting technologies to make heterogeneous and biomimetic tissue constructs. Mater Today Bio. 2019;1:100008. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2019.100008Zura R, Xiong Z, Einhorn T, Watson JT, Ostrum RF, Prayson MJ, et al. Epidemiology of Fracture Nonunion in 18 Human Bones. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(11):e162775. DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2016.2775Zura R, Xiong Z, Einhorn T, Watson JT, Ostrum RF, Prayson MJ, et al. Epidemiology of Fracture Nonunion in 18 Human Bones. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(11):e162775. DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2016.2775Xu M, Cao H, Wu L. The application of growth factors in bone tissue engineering delivery systems and collaborative innovation strategies. Ann Med. 2026;58(1):2670149. DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2026.2670149Xu M, Cao H, Wu L. The application of growth factors in bone tissue engineering delivery systems and collaborative innovation strategies. Ann Med. 2026;58(1):2670149. DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2026.2670149Sánchez-Duffhues G, Hiepen C, Knaus P, Ten Dijke P. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in bone homeostasis. Bone. 2015;80:43–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.025Sánchez-Duffhues G, Hiepen C, Knaus P, Ten Dijke P. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in bone homeostasis. Bone. 2015;80:43–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.025Gaihre B, Bharadwaz A, Unagolla JM, Jayasuriya AC. Evaluation of the optimal dosage of BMP9 through the comparison of bone regeneration induced by BMP-9 versus BMP-2 using an injectable microparticle embedded thermosensitive polymeric carrier in a rat cranial defect model. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2021;127:112252. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112252Gaihre B, Bharadwaz A, Unagolla JM, Jayasuriya AC. Evaluation of the optimal dosage of BMP9 through the comparison of bone regeneration induced by BMP-9 versus BMP-2 using an injectable microparticle embedded thermosensitive polymeric carrier in a rat cranial defect model. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2021;127:112252. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112252Huang J, Lu J, Liu Z, Jin J, Xie C, Zheng Y, et al. Covalent immobilization of VEGF on allogeneic bone through polydopamine coating to improve bone regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:1003677. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1003677Huang J, Lu J, Liu Z, Jin J, Xie C, Zheng Y, et al. Covalent immobilization of VEGF on allogeneic bone through polydopamine coating to improve bone regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:1003677. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1003677Rogers MA, Fantauzzo KA. The emerging complexity of PDGFRs: activation, internalization and signal attenuation. Biochem Soc Trans. 2020;48(3):1167–1176. DOI: 10.1042/BST20200004Rogers MA, Fantauzzo KA. The emerging complexity of PDGFRs: activation, internalization and signal attenuation. Biochem Soc Trans. 2020;48(3):1167–1176. DOI: 10.1042/BST20200004Gillispie G, Prim P, Copus J, Fisher J, Mikos AG, Yoo JJ, et al. Assessment methodologies for extrusion-based bioink printability. Biofabrication. 2020;12(2):022003. DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab6f0dGillispie G, Prim P, Copus J, Fisher J, Mikos AG, Yoo JJ, et al. Assessment methodologies for extrusion-based bioink printability. Biofabrication. 2020;12(2):022003. DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab6f0dMcCauley PJ, Fromen CA, Bayles AV. Cell viability in extrusion bioprinting: the impact of process parameters, bioink rheology, and cell mechanics. Rheol. Acta. 2025;64(9–10):497–515. DOI: 10.1007/s00397-025-01504-zMcCauley PJ, Fromen CA, Bayles AV. Cell viability in extrusion bioprinting: the impact of process parameters, bioink rheology, and cell mechanics. Rheol. Acta. 2025;64(9–10):497–515. DOI: 10.1007/s00397-025-01504-zChen CM, Chen SM, Lin SF, Liang HC, Wu CC. Clinical Efficacy of Polycaprolactone β-Calcium Triphosphate Composite for Osteoconduction in Rabbit Bone Defect Model. Polymers (Basel). 2021;13(15):2552. DOI: 10.3390/polym13152552Chen CM, Chen SM, Lin SF, Liang HC, Wu CC. Clinical Efficacy of Polycaprolactone β-Calcium Triphosphate Composite for Osteoconduction in Rabbit Bone Defect Model. Polymers (Basel). 2021;13(15):2552. DOI: 10.3390/polym13152552Tolmacheva N, Bhattacharyya A, Noh I. Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials for 3D Bioprinting in Bone Tissue Engineering. Biomimetics (Basel). 2024;9(2):95. DOI: 10.3390/biomi-metics9020095Tolmacheva N, Bhattacharyya A, Noh I. Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials for 3D Bioprinting in Bone Tissue Engineering. Biomimetics (Basel). 2024;9(2):95. DOI: 10.3390/biomi-metics9020095Yang S, MacLachlan RA, Riviere CN. Manipulator Design and Operation for a Six-Degreeof-Freedom Handheld Tremor-Canceling Microsurgical Instrument. IEEE ASME Trans Mechatron. 2015;20(2):761–772. DOI: 10.1109/TMECH.2014.2320858Yang S, MacLachlan RA, Riviere CN. Manipulator Design and Operation for a Six-Degreeof-Freedom Handheld Tremor-Canceling Microsurgical Instrument. IEEE ASME Trans Mechatron. 2015;20(2):761–772. DOI: 10.1109/TMECH.2014.2320858Ozhikenov K, Jomartov A. A Review of the Application of Hybrid Parallel Robots for Orthopedic Surgeries. Journal of Robotics.2025:2025(1). DOI: 10.1155/joro/8471068Ozhikenov K, Jomartov A. A Review of the Application of Hybrid Parallel Robots for Orthopedic Surgeries. Journal of Robotics.2025:2025(1). DOI: 10.1155/joro/8471068Pazhouhnia Z, Beheshtizadeh N, Namini MS, Lotfibakhshaiesh N. Portable hand-held bioprinters promote in situ tissue regeneration. Bioeng Transl Med. 2022;7(3):e10307. DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10307Pazhouhnia Z, Beheshtizadeh N, Namini MS, Lotfibakhshaiesh N. Portable hand-held bioprinters promote in situ tissue regeneration. Bioeng Transl Med. 2022;7(3):e10307. DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10307Demir E, Metli SN, Tutum BE, Gokyer S, Oto C, Yilgor P. Hand-held bioprinters assistingin situbioprinting. Biomed Mater. 2025;20(2). DOI: 10.1088/1748-605X/adbcee.Demir E, Metli SN, Tutum BE, Gokyer S, Oto C, Yilgor P. Hand-held bioprinters assistingin situbioprinting. Biomed Mater. 2025;20(2). DOI: 10.1088/1748-605X/adbcee.Mei Q, Rao J, Bei HP, Liu Y, Zhao X. 3D Bioprinting Photo-Crosslinkable Hydrogels for Bone and Cartilage Repair. Int J Bioprint. 2021;7(3):367. DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v7i3.367Mei Q, Rao J, Bei HP, Liu Y, Zhao X. 3D Bioprinting Photo-Crosslinkable Hydrogels for Bone and Cartilage Repair. Int J Bioprint. 2021;7(3):367. DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v7i3.367Zennifer A, Manivannan S, Sethuraman S, Kumbar SG, Sundaramurthi D. 3D bioprinting and photocrosslinking: emerging strategies & future perspectives. Biomater Adv. 2022;134:112576. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112576Zennifer A, Manivannan S, Sethuraman S, Kumbar SG, Sundaramurthi D. 3D bioprinting and photocrosslinking: emerging strategies & future perspectives. Biomater Adv. 2022;134:112576. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112576Zhao W, Hu C, Xu T. In vivo bioprinting: Broadening the therapeutic horizon for tissue injuries. Bioact Mater. 2023;25:201–222. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.01.018Zhao W, Hu C, Xu T. In vivo bioprinting: Broadening the therapeutic horizon for tissue injuries. Bioact Mater. 2023;25:201–222. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.01.018Dubey A, Vahabi H, Kumaravel V. Antimicrobial and Biodegradable 3D Printed Scaffolds for Orthopedic Infections. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2023;9(7):4020–4044. DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00115Dubey A, Vahabi H, Kumaravel V. Antimicrobial and Biodegradable 3D Printed Scaffolds for Orthopedic Infections. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2023;9(7):4020–4044. DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00115MacAdam A, Chaudry E, McTiernan CD, Cortes D, Suuronen EJ, Alarcon EI. Development of in situ bioprinting: A mini review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:940896. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.940896MacAdam A, Chaudry E, McTiernan CD, Cortes D, Suuronen EJ, Alarcon EI. Development of in situ bioprinting: A mini review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:940896. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.940896Murphy SV, Atala A. 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Nat Biotechnol. 2014;32(8):773-785. DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2958Murphy SV, Atala A. 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Nat Biotechnol. 2014;32(8):773-785. DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2958Duan J, Fang Y, Tian Y, Wang Z, Yang B, Xiong Z. 3D Bioprinting of Prevascularized Bone Organoids for Rapid In situ Cranial Bone Reconstruction. Adv Healthc Mater. 2025;14(16):e2501376. DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202501376Duan J, Fang Y, Tian Y, Wang Z, Yang B, Xiong Z. 3D Bioprinting of Prevascularized Bone Organoids for Rapid In situ Cranial Bone Reconstruction. Adv Healthc Mater. 2025;14(16):e2501376. DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202501376Moncal KK, Gudapati H, Godzik KP, Heo DN, Kang Y, Rizk E, et al. Intra-Operative Bioprinting of Hard, Soft, and Hard/Soft Composite Tissues for Craniomaxillofacial Reconstruction. Adv Funct Mater. 2021;31(29):2010858. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202010858Moncal KK, Gudapati H, Godzik KP, Heo DN, Kang Y, Rizk E, et al. Intra-Operative Bioprinting of Hard, Soft, and Hard/Soft Composite Tissues for Craniomaxillofacial Reconstruction. Adv Funct Mater. 2021;31(29):2010858. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202010858Xie M, Shi Y, Zhang C, Ge M, Zhang J, Chen Z, et al. In situ 3D bioprinting with bioconcrete bioink. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):3597. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30997-yXie M, Shi Y, Zhang C, Ge M, Zhang J, Chen Z, et al. In situ 3D bioprinting with bioconcrete bioink. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):3597. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30997-yLipskas J, Deep K, Yao W. Robotic-Assisted 3D Bio-printing for Repairing Bone and Cartilage Defects through a Minimally Invasive Approach. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):3746. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38972-2Lipskas J, Deep K, Yao W. Robotic-Assisted 3D Bio-printing for Repairing Bone and Cartilage Defects through a Minimally Invasive Approach. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):3746. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38972-2Kérourédan O, Hakobyan D, Rémy M, Ziane S, Dusserre N, Fricain JC, et al. In situ prevascularization designed by laser-assisted bioprinting: effect on bone regeneration. Biofabrication. 2019;11(4):045002. DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab2620Kérourédan O, Hakobyan D, Rémy M, Ziane S, Dusserre N, Fricain JC, et al. In situ prevascularization designed by laser-assisted bioprinting: effect on bone regeneration. Biofabrication. 2019;11(4):045002. DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab2620Lei B, Gao X, Zhang R, Yi X, Zhou Q. In situ magnesium phosphate/polycaprolactone 3Dprinted scaffold induce bone regeneration in rabbit maxillofacial bone defect model. Materials & Design. 2022;215:110477. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110477Lei B, Gao X, Zhang R, Yi X, Zhou Q. In situ magnesium phosphate/polycaprolactone 3Dprinted scaffold induce bone regeneration in rabbit maxillofacial bone defect model. Materials & Design. 2022;215:110477. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110477Moncal KK, Tigli Aydın RS, Godzik KP, Acri TM, Heo DN, Rizk E, et al. Controlled Co-delivery of pPDGF-B and pBMP-2 from intraoperatively bioprinted bone constructs improves the repair of calvarial defects in rats. Biomaterials. 2022;281:121333. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121333Moncal KK, Tigli Aydın RS, Godzik KP, Acri TM, Heo DN, Rizk E, et al. Controlled Co-delivery of pPDGF-B and pBMP-2 from intraoperatively bioprinted bone constructs improves the repair of calvarial defects in rats. Biomaterials. 2022;281:121333. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121333Moncal KK, Yeo M, Celik N, Acri TM, Rizk E, Wee H, et al. Comparison ofin-situversusex-situdelivery of polyethylenimine-BMP-2 polyplexes for rat calvarial defect repair via intraoperative bioprinting. Biofabrication. 2022;15(1):10.1088/1758–5090/ac9f70. DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac9f70Moncal KK, Yeo M, Celik N, Acri TM, Rizk E, Wee H, et al. Comparison ofin-situversusex-situdelivery of polyethylenimine-BMP-2 polyplexes for rat calvarial defect repair via intraoperative bioprinting. Biofabrication. 2022;15(1):10.1088/1758–5090/ac9f70. DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac9f70Zhang P, Teng Z, Zhou M, Yu X, Wen H, Niu J, et al. Upconversion 3D Bioprinting for Noninvasive In Vivo Molding. Adv Mater. 2024;36(14):e2310617. DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310617Zhang P, Teng Z, Zhou M, Yu X, Wen H, Niu J, et al. Upconversion 3D Bioprinting for Noninvasive In Vivo Molding. Adv Mater. 2024;36(14):e2310617. DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310617Yeo M, Gupta D, Derman ID, Yildirim S, Singh YP, Gerhard EM, et al. Intraoperative Bioprinting for Craniomaxillofacial Bone Reconstruction in Rats and Sheep. Small Sci. 2025;5(11):2400621. DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202400621Yeo M, Gupta D, Derman ID, Yildirim S, Singh YP, Gerhard EM, et al. Intraoperative Bioprinting for Craniomaxillofacial Bone Reconstruction in Rats and Sheep. Small Sci. 2025;5(11):2400621. DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202400621Lewis GS, Mischler D, Wee H, Reid JS, Varga P. Finite Element Analysis of Fracture Fixation. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2021;19(4):403–416. DOI: 10.1007/s11914-021-00690-yLewis GS, Mischler D, Wee H, Reid JS, Varga P. Finite Element Analysis of Fracture Fixation. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2021;19(4):403–416. DOI: 10.1007/s11914-021-00690-yHiasa K, Abe Y, Okazaki Y, Nogami K, Mizumachi W, Akagawa Y. Preoperative computed tomography-derived bone densities in hounsfield units at implant sites acquired primary stability. ISRN Dent. 2011;2011:678729. DOI: 10.5402/2011/678729Hiasa K, Abe Y, Okazaki Y, Nogami K, Mizumachi W, Akagawa Y. Preoperative computed tomography-derived bone densities in hounsfield units at implant sites acquired primary stability. ISRN Dent. 2011;2011:678729. DOI: 10.5402/2011/678729Wei S, Ma JX, Xu L, Gu XS, Ma XL. Biodegradable materials for bone defect repair. Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):54. DOI: 10.1186/s40779-020-00280-6Wei S, Ma JX, Xu L, Gu XS, Ma XL. Biodegradable materials for bone defect repair. Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):54. DOI: 10.1186/s40779-020-00280-6Rolvien T, Barbeck M, Wenisch S, Amling M, Krause M. Cellular Mechanisms Responsible for Success and Failure of Bone Substitute Materials. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(10):2893. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102893Rolvien T, Barbeck M, Wenisch S, Amling M, Krause M. Cellular Mechanisms Responsible for Success and Failure of Bone Substitute Materials. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(10):2893. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102893Elarjani T, Warner T, Nguyen K, Nguyen S, Urakov TM. Quantifying Bone Quality Using Computed Tomography Hounsfield Units in the Mid-sagittal View of the Lumbar Spine. World Neurosurg. 2021;151:e418–e425. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.04.051Elarjani T, Warner T, Nguyen K, Nguyen S, Urakov TM. Quantifying Bone Quality Using Computed Tomography Hounsfield Units in the Mid-sagittal View of the Lumbar Spine. World Neurosurg. 2021;151:e418–e425. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.04.051Beneat A, Lobo CM, Collier SA. Wound imaging. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, 2025.Beneat A, Lobo CM, Collier SA. Wound imaging. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, 2025.Gausper A, Gibbs WN, Elder BD, Scheer JK, Perry TG, Etigunta SK, et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Assessment of Bone Quality Using Vertebral Bone Quality (VBQ) Scores in Spine Surgery-A Critical Assessment and Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2025;14(18):6477. DOI: 10.3390/jcm14186477Gausper A, Gibbs WN, Elder BD, Scheer JK, Perry TG, Etigunta SK, et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Assessment of Bone Quality Using Vertebral Bone Quality (VBQ) Scores in Spine Surgery-A Critical Assessment and Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2025;14(18):6477. DOI: 10.3390/jcm14186477Campbell GM, Sophocleous A. Quantitative analysis of bone and soft tissue by micro-computed tomography: applications to ex vivo and in vivo studies. Bonekey Rep. 2014;3:564. DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2014.59Campbell GM, Sophocleous A. Quantitative analysis of bone and soft tissue by micro-computed tomography: applications to ex vivo and in vivo studies. Bonekey Rep. 2014;3:564. DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2014.59Clark JR, Al Maruf DSA, Tomaskovic-Crook E, Cheng K, Lewin WT, Xin H, et al. Mechanobiologically-optimized non-resorbable artificial bone for patient-matched scaffold-guided bone regeneration. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):9422. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-64466-zClark JR, Al Maruf DSA, Tomaskovic-Crook E, Cheng K, Lewin WT, Xin H, et al. Mechanobiologically-optimized non-resorbable artificial bone for patient-matched scaffold-guided bone regeneration. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):9422. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-64466-zHirohashi Y, Kamijo S, Khan M, Ikeda M, Oki M, Matin K, et al. Tetracycline, an Appropriate Reagent for Measuring Bone-Formation Activity in the Murine Model of the Streptococcus mutans-Induced Bone Loss. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:714366. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.714366Hirohashi Y, Kamijo S, Khan M, Ikeda M, Oki M, Matin K, et al. Tetracycline, an Appropriate Reagent for Measuring Bone-Formation Activity in the Murine Model of the Streptococcus mutans-Induced Bone Loss. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:714366. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.714366Shim M-J. Bone changes in femoral bone of mice using calcein labeling. Korean J. Clin. Lab. Sci. 2016;48(2):114–117. DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2016.48.2.114Shim M-J. Bone changes in femoral bone of mice using calcein labeling. Korean J. Clin. Lab. Sci. 2016;48(2):114–117. DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2016.48.2.114Федеральный закон «О биомедицинских клеточных продуктах» от 23.06.2016 № 180ФЗ (последняя редакция) https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_199967/ (дата доступа: 28 мая 2026 г.).Федеральный закон «О биомедицинских клеточных продуктах» от 23.06.2016 № 180ФЗ (последняя редакция) https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_199967/ (дата доступа: 28 мая 2026 г.).Song YE, Eckman N, Sen S, Jons CK, Saouaf OM, Appel EA. Highly Extensible Physically Crosslinked Hydrogels for High-Speed 3D Bioprinting. Adv Healthc Mater. 2025;14(10): e2404988. DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202404988Song YE, Eckman N, Sen S, Jons CK, Saouaf OM, Appel EA. Highly Extensible Physically Crosslinked Hydrogels for High-Speed 3D Bioprinting. Adv Healthc Mater. 2025;14(10): e2404988. DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202404988Wang Z, Lv Z, Cai X, Wang Y, Peng B, Xu H, et al. Sculpting the Future of Bone: The Evolution of Absorbable Materials in Orthopedics. Adv Mater. 2026;38(9):e10848. DOI: 10.1002/adma.202510848Wang Z, Lv Z, Cai X, Wang Y, Peng B, Xu H, et al. Sculpting the Future of Bone: The Evolution of Absorbable Materials in Orthopedics. Adv Mater. 2026;38(9):e10848. DOI: 10.1002/adma.202510848Croom BP, Abbott A, Kemp JW, Rueschhoff L, Smieska L, Woll A, et al. Mechanics of nozzle clogging during direct ink writing of fiber-reinforced composites. Addit. Manuf. 2021;37(10):101701. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101701Croom BP, Abbott A, Kemp JW, Rueschhoff L, Smieska L, Woll A, et al. Mechanics of nozzle clogging during direct ink writing of fiber-reinforced composites. Addit. Manuf. 2021;37(10):101701. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101701Shahzad A, Lazoglu I. Direct ink writing (DIW) of structural and functional ceramics: Recent achievements and future challenges. Compos. B Eng. 2021;225:109249. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109249Shahzad A, Lazoglu I. Direct ink writing (DIW) of structural and functional ceramics: Recent achievements and future challenges. Compos. B Eng. 2021;225:109249. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109249Kamaraj M, Moghimi N, Joshi A, Rezayof O, Barer A, Cao S, et al. Recent Advances in Handheld and Robotic Bioprinting Approach for Tissue Engineering. Adv Mater Technol. 2025;10(15):10.1002/admt.202500206. DOI: 10.1002/admt.202500206Kamaraj M, Moghimi N, Joshi A, Rezayof O, Barer A, Cao S, et al. Recent Advances in Handheld and Robotic Bioprinting Approach for Tissue Engineering. Adv Mater Technol. 2025;10(15):10.1002/admt.202500206. DOI: 10.1002/admt.202500206Bahraminasab M. Challenges on optimization of 3D-printed bone scaffolds. Biomed Eng Online. 2020;19(1):69. DOI: 10.1186/s12938-020-00810-2Bahraminasab M. Challenges on optimization of 3D-printed bone scaffolds. Biomed Eng Online. 2020;19(1):69. DOI: 10.1186/s12938-020-00810-2He G, Mustahsan VM, Bielski MR, Kao I, Khan FA. Report on a novel bone registration method: A rapid, accurate, and radiation-free technique for computer- and robotic-assisted orthopedic surgeries. J Orthop. 2021;23:227–232. DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2021.01.010He G, Mustahsan VM, Bielski MR, Kao I, Khan FA. Report on a novel bone registration method: A rapid, accurate, and radiation-free technique for computer- and robotic-assisted orthopedic surgeries. J Orthop. 2021;23:227–232. DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2021.01.010Wang Z, Lin L, Li X, Zhang Q, Mi X, Xu B, et al. Improving Thermosensitive Bioink Scaffold Fabrication with a Temperature-Regulated Printhead in Robot-Assisted In situ Bioprinting System. ACS Omega. 2024;9(39):40618–40631. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04373Wang Z, Lin L, Li X, Zhang Q, Mi X, Xu B, et al. Improving Thermosensitive Bioink Scaffold Fabrication with a Temperature-Regulated Printhead in Robot-Assisted In situ Bioprinting System. ACS Omega. 2024;9(39):40618–40631. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04373Masson-Meyers DS, Tayebi L. Vascularization strategies in tissue engineering approaches for soft tissue repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2021;15(9):747–762. DOI: 10.1002/term.3225Masson-Meyers DS, Tayebi L. Vascularization strategies in tissue engineering approaches for soft tissue repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2021;15(9):747–762. DOI: 10.1002/term.3225Simunovic F, Finkenzeller G. Vascularization Strategies in Bone Tissue Engineering. Cells. 2021;10(7):1749. DOI: 10.3390/cells10071749Simunovic F, Finkenzeller G. Vascularization Strategies in Bone Tissue Engineering. Cells. 2021;10(7):1749. DOI: 10.3390/cells10071749van Hengel EVA, van der Laan LJW, de Jonge J, Verstegen MMA. Towards Safety and Regulation Criteria for Clinical Applications of Decellularized Organ-Derived Matrices. Bioengineering (Basel). 2025;12(2):136. DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering12020136van Hengel EVA, van der Laan LJW, de Jonge J, Verstegen MMA. Towards Safety and Regulation Criteria for Clinical Applications of Decellularized Organ-Derived Matrices. Bioengineering (Basel). 2025;12(2):136. DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering12020136Кудан ЕВ. Биомедицинская инженерия в регенеративной медицине. В сборнике тезисов и докладов IV Научно-образовательного форума от 4 декабря 2024 г.; Москва. М.: Международный фонд развития биомедицинских технологий им. В.П. Филатова, 2024. С. 18–19.Кудан ЕВ. Биомедицинская инженерия в регенеративной медицине. В сборнике тезисов и докладов IV Научно-образовательного форума от 4 декабря 2024 г.; Москва. М.: Международный фонд развития биомедицинских технологий им. В.П. Филатова, 2024. С. 18–19.Maitz J, Boyling A, Hou L, Campbell H, Pei Y, Artist Z, et al. C-753-09. The Future of BioPrinting Skin: Pre-clinical and Clinical Outcomes of 3D Printing Skin In-situ. Journal of Burn Care & Research. 2026;47:S504. DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irag033.580Maitz J, Boyling A, Hou L, Campbell H, Pei Y, Artist Z, et al. C-753-09. The Future of BioPrinting Skin: Pre-clinical and Clinical Outcomes of 3D Printing Skin In-situ. Journal of Burn Care & Research. 2026;47:S504. DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irag033.580

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.