The article covers the fundamental and applied problems of regenerative biomedicine. As a scientific field, it arose at the end of the XX century and today it is rapidly growing: the mechanisms of cell renewal, tissue regeneration and repair are being elucidated, fundamentally new methods are being developed to combat severe disease caused by damage and loss of vital cells and tissues. The human body is a “self-renewing machine” and during whole life, it produces of tons of cells, thus, demonstrating its strong regenerative potential that can be used in modern medicine. At the Institute of Regenerative Medicine of the Medical Research and Educational Center of Lomonosov Moscow State University preclinical studies and clinical trials of several novel drugs are being carried. Including ones that stimulate the growth of nerve fibers after re-implantation of upper limb parts (finger and palm), and eliminate neurological dysfunctions after hemorrhagic stroke. For the treatment of male infertility, a drug is being developed that stimulates spermatogenesis and restores spermatogenesis. In order to create an antifibrotic drug, a substance secreted by endometrial cells and preventing fibrosis of the tissues of the uterus and other organs, is being identified. The role of navigational receptors (primarily T-cadregin and urokinase receptor) in choosing the direction of tissue growth is being studied.