Стволовые клетки для терапии нейродегенерации

Регенеративная медицина является бурно развивающейся областью биомедицины, направленной на восстановление поврежденных тканей и органов. Перспективные направления исследований включают создание искусственных органов, разработку биоматериалов, персонализированную медицину при сердечно-сосудистых, нейродегенеративных, онкологических заболеваниях, сахарном диабете и многих других патологиях. Однако существенным препятствием на пути широкого внедрения регенеративной медицины в клиническую практику являются проблемы, связанные с иммунологическими реакциями, этическими вопросами и масштабированием технологий.

Использование стволовых клеток (СК), выделяемых ими органелл, в том числе малых внеклеточных везикул (мВВ), биологически активных соединений является альтернативным методом для лечения заболеваний, в терапии которых существующие традиционные методы лечения малоэффективны. Клеточная терапия на основе мезенхимальных, эмбриональных, нейральных и индуцированных плюрипотентных стволовых клеток рассматривается как перспективный подход в лечении нейродегенеративных заболеваний, распространенность которых растет в связи с увеличением продолжительности жизни населения. Интерес к трансплантации мВВ объясняется не только их малыми размерами по сравнению с клетками, что облегчает их распространение в организме реципиента, но и сходством эффектов с действием материнских клеток. В данном обзоре приведены экспериментальные данные по анализу использования СК и их продуктов для терапии и профилактики нейродегенеративных заболеваний.

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