Genome editing systems are powerful tools capable of precisely modifying genetic material in its natural context within a living organism. Thanks to these remarkable capabilities, editing systems have found a wide range of applications in all areas of biological science and medicine. In this manuscript, we provide a brief historical overview of the origins and development of various genome editing systems. The evolution of this field has been accompanied by significant discoveries and the awarding of numerous Nobel Prizes. Tracing the logic of scientific thought in the quest to understand and modify the material basis of heredity, this manuscript aims to provide budding researchers with a comprehensive picture of the vast (literally) universe of genome editing systems. Understanding the full spectrum of potential activity of editing systems obliges researchers to use them thoughtfully and responsibly.to the article yet reasonably common within the subject discipline.

Genome editing systems are powerful tools capable of precisely modifying genetic material in its natural context within a living organism. Due to these remarkable capabilities, editing systems have found a wide range of applications in all areas of biological science and medicine. In this review, we provide a brief historical overview of the origins and development of various genome editing systems. The evolution of this field has been accompanied by significant discoveries and the awarding of numerous Nobel Prizes. Tracing the logic of scientific thought in the quest to understand and modify the material basis of heredity, this manuscript aims to provide budding researchers with a comprehensive picture of the vast universe of genome editing systems. Understanding the full spectrum of potential activity of editing systems obliges researchers to use them thoughtfully and responsibly.

The purpose of the study: to conduct a comprehensive analysis of current scientific data on the use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and their exosomes for the correction of ischemic intestinal damage, assess the prospects for clinical application, and identify existing limitations.

Materials and methods. The study is based on a systematic analysis of publications from 2000 to 2024 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, eLibrary, and the Cochrane Library. The key-words used were “intestinal ischemia”, “mesenchymal stromal cells”, “exosomes”, “regenerative medicine’, and “intestinal ischemia-reperfusion”. The search identified 235 publications; after excluding duplicates and screening abstracts, 127 were selected. The full texts of 89 articles were analyzed for relevance to the study objective. The final analysis included 25 references.

Results. MSCs and the exosomes they produce have been shown to exhibit a significant therapeutic effect in ischemic intestinal injury. The main mechanisms include paracrine regulation through the secretion of growth factors (VEGF, FGF, HGF), immunomodulation (a 60-70% reduction in TNF-α and IL-6), stimulation of angiogenesis (an increase in capillary density by 45%), and suppression of apoptosis (a 50–60% reduction). Autologous adipose- and bone marrow-derived MSCs demonstrate the greatest efficacy, while allogeneic cells require further safety studies. Exosomes, as a cell-free alternative, demonstrate efficacy comparable to MSCs with a lower risk of complications. The analyzed studies did not reveal convincing evidence of the superiority of MSCs over exosomes or vice versa; most authors indicate comparable therapeutic effects.

Conclusion. MSC- and exosome-based therapy represents a promising approach to treating ischemic intestinal injury, aligned with the principles of regenerative and personalized medicine. However, for widespread clinical implementation, further research is needed to standardize protocols, evaluate long-term outcomes, and develop uniform requirements for materials, including indications, contraindications, dosages, and types of cellular product used.

This study developed a comprehensive approach for identifying live cell nuclei in images without fluorescent labels. Since cell biology involves counting cells and assessing cell growth dynamics and confluence, it is expedient to automate the collection of this data. Machine learning algorithms are used for automation, which must be trained on images of specific cell cultures. Training algorithms is a labor-intensive process and requires lengthy manual annotation. Also, available machine learning-based analysis methods have low accuracy in identifying living cells without fluorescent staining. Aim of the study. To simplify the creation of a dataset of annotated cells with subsequent training of algorithms on images of living cell cultures. Materials and methods. The methodology involved the use of convolutional neural networks based on an algorithm for segmenting cell nuclei in fluorescent and histological images using StarDist. To create annotated phase-contrast images of cell cultures, samples were stained with the nuclear fluorescent dye DAPI, followed by the rejection of poor-quality images using classification in the Cellprofiler Analyst program. The StarDist-based model was trained on 1,130 images of automatically annotated nuclei in phase-contrast images of human respiratory tract epithelial cell cultures, obtained with a 10x lens, 1,600x1,200 pixels in size, and 16-bit color depth. Results. The resulting model showed good accuracy (F₁ = 0.765) in segmenting nuclei on the validation dataset. The model was used to determine the population doubling time of the epithelial cell culture population. Conclusion. The developed approach made it possible to create annotations and train a machine learning model to obtain data without the use of fluorescent labels (“label-free”) on live cell cultures.

Intensive development of personalized medicine is revealing new possibilities for the development of regenerative medicine technologies and the translation of these developments into the clinic. One of the rapidly developing directions in creating new therapeutic approaches is the use of bioprinting for the fabrication of tissue and organ constructs. Particular attention is drawn to the development of skin equivalents capable of reproducing the complex architectural organization and functional properties of skin tissues. The review analyzes publications presented in the Scopus, PubMed, and RSCI databases, covering the fields of bioprinting, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Published data were used that are devoted to the development of biomaterials, 3D-bioprinting protocols, characteristics of bioprinted skin constructs, and results of both preclinical and clinical studies, relevant as of September 2025. The analysis showed that one of the most promising directions is the optimization of 3D-bioprinting of skin constructs based on the use of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and innovative biomaterials such as hydrogels, collagen matrices, and GelMA. These technologies enable the creation of full-thickness, vascularized structures, ensuring sufficiently high accuracy of the spatial distribution of cells and support for the microenvironment necessary for tissue regeneration. Further studies on optimization of printing parameters, proper selection of bioink components, and integration of fibroblasts and other cellular components will allow more precise modeling of the dermal layers and stimulation of regeneration processes. The application of additional biological factors will contribute to the formation of a stable vascular network and better engraftment of constructs, which will significantly enhance the functional integration of printed constructs into the recipient tissue. Thus, the integration of advanced 3D-bioprinting methods, optimized bioinks, and multicellular constructs opens prospects for creating a new generation of skin equivalents, which will not only accelerate the regeneration process but also provide an aesthetically optimal outcome for patients suffering from severe burns, injuries, and other skin damages.